Alimentação em Foco

A Coordenação Geral de Alimentação e Nutrição (CGAN) tem como principal missão implementar ações de acordo com as diretrizes da Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição (PNAN) com vistas a garantia de condições de saúde adequadas à população brasileira.

Associations between Digital Health Intervention Engagement and Dietary Intake: A Systematic Review.

There has been a proliferation of digital health interventions (DHIs) targeting dietary intake. Despite their potential, the effectiveness of DHIs are thought to be dependent, in part, on user engagement. However, the relationship between engagement and the effectiveness of dietary DHIs is not well understood. The aim of this review is to describe the association between DHI engagement and dietary intake. A systematic search of four electronic databases and grey literature for records published before December 2019 was conducted. Studies were eligible if they examined a quantitative association between objective measures of engagement with a DHI (subjective experience or usage) and measures of dietary intake in adults (aged ≥18 years). From 10,653 citations, seven studies were included. Five studies included usage measures of engagement and two examined subjective experiences. Narrative synthesis, using vote counting, found mixed evidence of an association with usage measures (5 of 12 associations indicated a positive relationship, 7 were inconclusive) and no evidence regarding an association with subjective experience (both studies were inconclusive). The findings provide early evidence supporting an association between measures of usage and dietary intake; however, this was inconsistent. Further research examining the association between DHI engagement and dietary intake is warranted.

Identification and Characterization of Human Observational Studies in Nutritional Epidemiology on Gut Microbiomics for Joint Data Analysis.

In any research field, data access and data integration are major challenges that even large, well-established consortia face. Although data sharing initiatives are increasing, joint data analyses on nutrition and microbiomics in health and disease are still scarce. We aimed to identify observational studies with data on nutrition and gut microbiome composition from the Intestinal Microbiomics (INTIMIC) Knowledge Platform following the findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) principles. An adapted template from the European Nutritional Phenotype Assessment and Data Sharing Initiative (ENPADASI) consortium was used to collect microbiome-specific information and other related factors. In total, 23 studies (17 longitudinal and 6 cross-sectional) were identified from Italy (7), Germany (6), Netherlands (3), Spain (2), Belgium (1), and France (1) or multiple countries (3). Of these, 21 studies collected information on both dietary intake (24 h dietary recall, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), or Food Records) and gut microbiome. All studies collected stool samples. The most often used sequencing platform was Illumina MiSeq, and the preferred hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene were V3-V4 or V4. The combination of datasets will allow for sufficiently powered investigations to increase the knowledge and understanding of the relationship between food and gut microbiome in health and disease.

Errors in the implementation, analysis, and reporting of randomization within obesity and nutrition research: a guide to their avoidance.

Randomization is an important tool used to establish causal inferences in studies designed to further our understanding of questions related to obesity and nutrition. To take advantage of the inferences afforded by randomization, scientific standards must be upheld during the planning, execution, analysis, and reporting of such studies. We discuss ten errors in randomized experiments from real-world examples from the literature and outline best practices for their avoidance. These ten errors include: representing nonrandom allocation as random, failing to adequately conceal allocation, not accounting for changing allocation ratios, replacing subjects in nonrandom ways, failing to account for non-independence, drawing inferences by comparing statistical significance from within-group comparisons instead of between-groups, pooling data and breaking the randomized design, failing to account for missing data, failing to report sufficient information to understand study methods, and failing to frame the causal question as testing the randomized assignment per se. We hope that these examples will aid researchers, reviewers, journal editors, and other readers to endeavor to a high standard of scientific rigor in randomized experiments within obesity and nutrition research.

[Nutritional Study in Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI): updated findings and initial conclusions]. / Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española (EsNuPI): actualización de hallazgos y primeras conclusiones.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: eating habits and lifestyles during early childhood are important due to their association with chronic diseases in adulthood. Objectives: to evaluate energy and nutrient intake, main food sources, and dietary patterns in the EsNuPI study participants. Methods: a sociodemographic questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, two 24 h recalls, and a physical activity questionnaire were used in two cohorts of Spanish children aged 1 to < 10 years, who were non-vegans living in municipalities > 50,000 inhabitants - one representative cohort of consumers of all types of milks (SRS = 707) and one other cohort consuming adapted milks (AMS = 741). Results: 84.7 % in SRS and 83.5 % in AMS showed a plausible, adequate energy (EI) (1503 and 1404 kcal/day, respectively). The percentage of children with protein intake > 20 % of EI was 12 % for SRS, and 6 % for AMS. Both cohorts exceeded the recommendations for total fat (36.5 % in SRS, 35.9 % in AMS) and saturated fat (13.1 % vs 12.1 %, respectively); DHA intake was significantly lower in SRS (20 mg vs 90 mg). Vitamin D intake was significantly lower in SRS, although both cohorts did not meet the recommendation. When analyzing dietary patterns, one of palatable energy-dense foods and two of Mediterranean type were highlighted. Conclusions: it is recommended that consumption of saturated fatty acids and protein be reduced, but calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium intakes should be increased, especially in children > 4 years. These findings are important for designing interventions in the Spanish child population. The findings of the EsNuPI study provide useful information for the design and promotion of appropriate interventions for Spanish children.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los hábitos de alimentación y los estilos de vida durante las primeras etapas de la infancia son importantes por su asociación a enfermedades crónicas durante la vida adulta. Objetivos: evaluar la ingesta de energía, el aporte de nutrientes, las principales fuentes alimentarias y los patrones dietéticos de los participantes en el estudio EsNuPI. Métodos: se utilizaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, dos recuerdos de 24 h y un cuestionario de actividad física en dos cohortes de niños españoles de 1 a < 10 años, no veganos, residentes en municipios > 50.000 habitantes: una representativa de los consumidores de todo tipo de leches (SRS = 707) y otra consumidora de leches adaptadas (AMS = 741). Resultados: el 84,7 % de la cohorte SRS y el 83,5 % de la AMS mostraron una ingesta energética (IE) plausible y adecuada (1503 y 1404 kcal/día, respectivamente) en ambas cohortes. El porcentaje de niños con ingesta proteica > 20 % de la IE fue del 12 % en la SRS y el 6 % en la AMS. Ambas cohortes sobrepasaron las recomendaciones de grasa total (36,5 % en la SRS; 35,9 % en la AMS) y de grasas saturadas (13,1 % vs. 12,1 %, respectivamente); la ingesta de DHA fue significativamente menor en la SRS (20 mg/d vs. 90 mg/d). La ingesta de vitamina D fue significativamente menor en la SRS, aunque ambas cohortes no alcanzaron las recomendaciones de los organismos internacionales. Al analizar los patrones alimentarios, destacan uno de alimentos apetitosos e hipercalóricos y dos de tipo mediterráneo. Conclusiones: es recomendable reducir la ingesta de grasas saturadas y proteínas, e incrementar la de calcio, vitamina D y magnesio, esto último especialmente en los niños > 4 años. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el diseño de intervenciones en la población infantil española.

Nutritional targeting modification of silkworm pupae oil catalyzed by a smart hydrogel immobilized lipase.

To prepare a nutritional supplement using silkworm pupae oil (SPO) as a feedstock, a microfluidic reactor with a smart hydrogel immobilized lipase was first constructed to reduce the relative content of palmitic acid at sn-1,3 and improve the nutritional function. The effects of flow rate, reaction temperature, and substrate molar ratio were investigated. In vitro digestion and pH-stat models were employed to analyze the digestion feature after the modification of SPO, while HPLC-ELSD, zeta potential, DSC, and TGA were used to evaluate the nutritional function. The relative content of "OOO" and "OPO" type triglycerides was increased by 49.48% and 107.67%, and that of palmitic acid at sn-1,3 was decreased by 49.61% in 10 s. After the verification of the in vitro digestion model, the fatty acid release rate of the modified SPO was significantly improved by 22.07%, indicating the nutritional function improvement of SPO. Therefore, the nutritional function of SPO has been improved successfully by the application of a microchannel reactor with photo-immobilized lipase, which could set a reference for the utilization of insect oil resources.

New Methodologies for Conducting Maternal, Infant, and Child Nutrition Research in the Era of COVID-19.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak rapidly became a worldwide pandemic in early 2020. In Australia, government-mandated restrictions on non-essential face-to-face contact in the healthcare setting have been crucial for limiting opportunities for COVID-19 transmission, but they have severely limited, and even halted, many research activities. Our institute's research practices in the vulnerable populations of pregnant women and young infants needed to adapt in order to continue without exposing participants, or staff, to an increased risk of exposure to COVID-19. Here, we discuss our pre-and-post COVID-19 methods for conducting research regarding nutrition during pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood. We discuss modifications to study methods implemented to avoid face-to-face contact when identifying and recruiting potential participants, gaining informed consent, conducting appointments, and collecting outcome data, and the implications of these changes. The COVID-19 pandemic has required numerous changes to the conduct of research activities, but many of those modifications will be useful in post-COVID-19 research settings.

Nutritional Psychiatry: How Diet Affects Brain through Gut Microbiota.

Nutritional sciences have been recognized as being of paramount importance for the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Among others, mental health disorders have been hypothesized to be influenced by dietary risk through a variety of molecular mechanisms. The improvements in the technology and implementation of-omics sciences in terms of nutrition have created the possibility of studying the relation between diet, gut microbiota and mental health. The gut-brain-axis represents the core rationale setting the stage for a relatively new discipline of study defined as "nutritional psychiatry". Research on this matter will help to better understand the relation between food and mood, sleep quality, cognition, and mental health in general.

Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española (EsNuPI): actualización de hallazgos y primeras conclusiones / Nutritional Study in Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI): updated findings and initial conclusions

Introducción: los hábitos de alimentación y los estilos de vida durante las primeras etapas de la infancia son importantes por su asociación a enfermedades crónicas durante la vida adulta. Objetivos: evaluar la ingesta de energía, el aporte de nutrientes, las principales fuentes alimentarias y los patrones dietéticos de los participantes en el estudio EsNuPI. Métodos: se utilizaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, dos recuerdos de 24 h y un cuestionario de actividad física en dos cohortes de niños españoles de 1 a < 10 años, no veganos, residentes en municipios > 50.000 habitantes: una representativa de los consumidores de todo tipo de leches (SRS = 707) y otra consumidora de leches adaptadas (AMS = 741). Resultados: el 84,7 % de la cohorte SRS y el 83,5 % de la AMS mostraron una ingesta energética (IE) plausible y adecuada (1503 y 1404 kcal/día, respectivamente) en ambas cohortes. El porcentaje de niños con ingesta proteica > 20 % de la IE fue del 12 % en la SRS y el 6 % en la AMS. Ambas cohortes sobrepasaron las recomendaciones de grasa total (36,5 % en la SRS; 35,9 % en la AMS) y de grasas saturadas (13,1 % vs. 12,1 %, respectivamente); la ingesta de DHA fue significativamente menor en la SRS (20 mg/d vs. 90 mg/d). La ingesta de vitamina D fue significativamente menor en la SRS, aunque ambas cohortes no alcanzaron las recomendaciones de los organismos internacionales. Al analizar los patrones alimentarios, destacan uno de alimentos apetitosos e hipercalóricos y dos de tipo mediterráneo. Conclusiones: es recomendable reducir la ingesta de grasas saturadas y proteínas, e incrementar la de calcio, vitamina D y magnesio, esto último especialmente en los niños > 4 años. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el diseño de intervenciones en la población infantil española. (AU)

Introduction: eating habits and lifestyles during early childhood are important due to their association with chronic diseases in adulthood. Objectives: to evaluate energy and nutrient intake, main food sources, and dietary patterns in the EsNuPI study participants. Methods: a sociodemographic questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, two 24 h recalls, and a physical activity questionnaire were used in two cohorts of Spanish children aged 1 to < 10 years, who were non-vegans living in municipalities > 50,000 inhabitants - one representative cohort of consumers of all types of milks (SRS = 707) and one other cohort consuming adapted milks (AMS = 741). Results: 84.7 % in SRS and 83.5 % in AMS showed a plausible, adequate energy (EI) (1503 and 1404 kcal/day, respectively). The percentage of children with protein intake > 20 % of EI was 12 % for SRS, and 6 % for AMS. Both cohorts exceeded the recommendations for total fat (36.5 % in SRS, 35.9 % in AMS) and saturated fat (13.1 % vs 12.1 %, respectively); DHA intake was significantly lower in SRS (20 mg vs 90 mg). Vitamin D intake was significantly lower in SRS, although both cohorts did not meet the recommendation. When analyzing dietary patterns, one of palatable energy-dense foods and two of Mediterranean type were highlighted. Conclusions: it is recommended that consumption of saturated fatty acids and protein be reduced, but calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium intakes should be increased, especially in children > 4 years. These findings are important for designing interventions in the Spanish child population. The findings of the EsNuPI study provide useful information for the design and promotion of appropriate interventions for Spanish children. (AU)

High-throughput LC-MS method to investigate postprandial lipemia: considerations for future precision nutrition research.

Elevated postprandial lipemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet methods to quantitate postmeal handling of dietary lipids in humans are limited. This study tested a new method to track dietary lipid appearance using a stable isotope tracer (2H11-oleate) in liquid meals containing three levels of fat [low fat (LF), 15 g; moderate fat (MF), 30 g; high fat (HF), 60 g]. Meals were fed to 12 healthy men [means ± SD, age 31.3 ± 9.2 yr, body mass index (BMI) 24.5 ± 1.9 kg/m2] during four randomized study visits; the HF meal was administered twice for reproducibility. Blood was collected over 8 h postprandially, triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL), and particles with a Svedberg flotation rate >400 (Sf > 400, n = 8) were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and labeling of two TG species (54:3 and 52:2) was quantified by LC-MS. Total plasma TRL-TG concentrations were threefold greater than Sf > 400-TG. Both Sf > 400- and TRL-TG 54:3 were present at higher concentrations than 52:2, and singly labeled TG concentrations were higher than doubly labeled. Furthermore, TG 54:3 and the singly labeled molecules demonstrated higher plasma absolute entry rates differing significantly across fat levels within a single TG species (P < 0.01). Calculation of fractional entry showed no significant differences in label handling supporting the utility of either TG species for appearance rate calculations. These data demonstrate the utility of labeling research meals with stable isotopes to investigate human postprandial lipemia while simultaneously highlighting the importance of examining individual responses. Meal type and timing, control of prestudy activities, and effects of sex on outcomes should match the research goals. The method, optimized here, will be beneficial to conduct basic science research in precision nutrition and clinical drug development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel method to test human intestinal lipid handling using stable isotope labeling is presented and, for the first time, plasma appearance and lipid turnover were quantified in 12 healthy men following meals with varying amounts of fat. The method can be applied to studies in precision nutrition characterizing individual response to support basic science research or drug development. This report discusses key questions for consideration in precision nutrition that were highlighted by the data.

Use of GRADE in evidence syntheses published in high-impact-factor nutrition journals: A methodological survey.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and describe the use of the GRADE approach for rating the certainty of evidence in nutrition systematic reviews (SRs). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We systematically searched for SRs using GRADE that were published between 2015 and 2019 in the 10 "nutrition" journals with the highest impact factor according to the JCR 2018. RESULTS: Out of 800 SRs, 55 SRs of randomized control trials (RCTs) and/or nonrandomized studies (NRSs) used GRADE. Forty-seven SRs (5.9%) rated the outcome specific certainty of evidence (n = 36 in 2018/2019). We identified a total of 465 certainty of evidence outcome ratings (n = 335 RCT ratings), ranging from very-low (28.8%) to low (41%), moderate (26.5%), and high (3.7%). Very-low and high certainty of evidence ratings accounted for 61.4% and 0.8% of ratings in SRs of NRSs, compared to 16.1% and 4.8% in SRs of RCTs. Certainty of evidence was downgraded mostly for risk of bias (37.8%) and imprecision (33%) in SRs of RCTs and for imprecision (32.7%), risk of bias (29.4%) and inconsistency (29%) in SRs of NRSs. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests a need for directing more attention toward strengthening acceptance of GRADE as well as building knowledge of the GRADE methodology in nutrition evidence synthesis.

Discriminating Dietary Responses by Combining Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Data in Nutrition Intervention Studies.

SCOPE: Combining different "omics" data types in a single, integrated analysis may better characterize the effects of diet on human health. METHODS AND RESULTS: The performance of two data integration tools, similarity network fusion tool (SNFtool) and Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent variable approaches for "Omics" (DIABLO; MixOmics), in discriminating responses to diet and metabolic phenotypes is investigated by combining transcriptomics and metabolomics datasets from three human intervention studies: a postprandial crossover study testing dairy foods (n = 7; study 1), a postprandial challenge study comparing obese and non-obese subjects (n = 13; study 2); and an 8-week parallel intervention study that assessed three diets with variable lipid content on fasting parameters (n = 39; study 3). In study 1, combining datasets using SNF or DIABLO significantly improve sample classification. For studies 2 and 3, the value of SNF integration depends on the dietary groups being compared, while DIABLO discriminates samples well but does not perform better than transcriptomic data alone. CONCLUSION: The integration of associated "omics" datasets can help clarify the subtle signals observed in nutritional interventions. The performance of each integration tool is differently influenced by study design, size of the datasets, and sample size.

Natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis and its application in the study of diet and metabolism.

Due to differences in carbon assimilation pathways between plants, there are subtle but distinct variations in the carbon isotope ratios of foods and animal products throughout the food supply. Although it is well understood that the carbon isotope ratio composition of the diet influences that of the consumers' tissues, the application of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis in nutrition has long been underappreciated. Over the past decade, however, several studies have investigated the utility of carbon isotope ratio analysis for evaluation of nutritional biomarker status, primarily focusing on its application as an objective indicator of sugar and animal protein intake. More recently, research investigating the application of natural abundance measurements has been extended to study fatty acid metabolism and has yielded encouraging results. Collectively, data from large-scale observational studies and experimental animal studies highlight the potential for carbon isotope ratio analysis as an additional and effective tool to study diet and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis, its application to studying nutrition, and an update of the research in the field.

Achieving Dietary Sodium Recommendations and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Prevention through Culinary Medicine Education.

Sodium-reduction initiatives have been a cornerstone of preventing hypertension and broader atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) since the early 1970s. For nearly 50 years, public health and clinical guidelines have concentrated on consumer education, behavioral change, and, to a lesser extent, food policy to help reduce sodium intake among Americans. While these efforts undoubtedly helped improve awareness, average sodium consumption remains at approximately 4200 mg/day in men and 3000 mg/day in women, well above the United States Dietary Guidelines of 2300 mg/day. Culinary medicine is an emerging discipline in clinical and public-health education that provides healthcare professionals and community members with food-based knowledge and skills. With the hands-on teaching of kitchen education to individuals, culinary medicine provides eaters with tangible strategies for reducing sodium through home cooking. Here, we review opportunities for culinary medicine to help improve both individual- and population-level sodium-reduction outcomes through five main areas: increasing adherence to a plant-forward dietary pattern, food literacy, the enhancement of complementary flavors, disease-specific teaching-kitchen modules, and the delivery of culturally specific nutrition education. Through this process, we hope to further underline the value of formal, hands-on teaching-kitchen education among healthcare professionals and community members for ASCVD prevention.

Measuring Food Culture: a Tool for Public Health Practice.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Food culture is a ubiquitous aspect of all societies. This review provides an overview of methods for measuring food culture, and emphasizes the importance of these measures not just for description, but also for strengthening public health practice, primarily through the development of better interventions; to monitor and evaluate changes in diet and nutrition; and for the development of strategies for sustainability and dissemination. RECENT FINDINGS: Food culture measurement has enriched public health practice through its use of myriad approaches, including interviews, cultural domain analysis, visual methods, observation, time allocation studies, focus groups and community workshops, household studies, and textual analysis. Food culture measurement is essential for public health practice related to food and nutrition, and can lead to, among other outcomes, improved implementation research in nutrition, understanding household dynamics that impact nutritional outcomes, innovative textual analysis to identify food culture through language, and the selection of interventions conveyed through multiple strategies, including digital means, such as via social media.

[Anthroponutriciology: the development of the ideas of the founders of a new scientific direction].

The most outstanding Russian anatomists and anthropologists D.A. Zhdanov and B.A. Nikityuk and the leading nutritionist A.A. Pokrovsky were the founders of the Anthroponutritiology, which arose at the junction of Anthropological Anatomy and Nutrition Science and represented a new stage in the integration of these two sciences. Both Sciences, enriching each other with facts, existing methodology and established traditions, implementing modern innovative approaches, bring the physical and nutritional status of individuals closer to the standard (the "gold standard"). One of the applied tasks of Anthroponutritiology is the identification of the constitutional dependence of morphophysiological characters and determination of anthropological and clinical associations. Solving problems of Anthroponutritiology is a primary public concern, the most crucial state task. This issue is under the mandate of Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology and biotechnology, which implements this new branch of Science.

The possibilities of the use of N-of-1 and do-it-yourself trials in nutritional research.

BACKGROUND: N-of-1 designs gain popularity in nutritional research because of the improving technological possibilities, practical applicability and promise of increased accuracy and sensitivity, especially in the field of personalized nutrition. This move asks for a search of applicable statistical methods. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the differences of three popular statistical methods in analyzing treatment effects of data obtained in N-of-1 designs. METHOD: We compare Individual-participant data meta-analysis, frequentist and Bayesian linear mixed effect models using a simulation experiment. Furthermore, we demonstrate the merits of the Bayesian model including prior information by analyzing data of an empirical study on weight loss. RESULTS: The linear mixed effect models are to be preferred over the meta-analysis method, since the individual effects are estimated more accurately as evidenced by the lower errors, especially with lower sample sizes. Differences between Bayesian and frequentist mixed models were found to be small, indicating that they will lead to the same results without including an informative prior. CONCLUSION: For empirical data, the Bayesian mixed model allows the inclusion of prior knowledge and gives potential for population based and personalized inference.

Desenvolvimento de um questionário de frequência alimentar para escolares de uma capital do centro-oeste brasileiro segundo a classificação de alimentos NOVA / A food frequency questionnaire for schoolchildren from a capital city of midwestern Brazil according to the NOVA food classification

Objetivo: Descrever o processo de construção de um QFA quantitativo segundo a classificação de alimentos NOVA, para avaliação do consumo habitual de escolares de 9-10 anos de idade. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo metodológico realizado com alunos de uma escola municipal de ensino básico. A lista de alimentos que integra o QFA foi construída a partir da aplicação do recordatório de 24 horas, em triplicata, em dias alternados da semana. Foram incluídos os alimentos que respondiam pelo fornecimento de 95% de energia, carboidratos, proteínas, lipídeos e fibras ingeridos pelos entrevistados. Após a definição dos itens alimentares, estes foram agrupados de acordo com a classificação de alimentos NOVA. Resultados: Elaborou-se lista com 81 itens alimentares, na qual arroz, carne bovina e de frango foram os alimentos mais representativos entre os alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados. Os pães (francês e caseiro de diversos tipos) se destacaram entre os alimentos processados. Já as bebidas açucaradas (refrigerante e sucos em pó) foram os mais referidos entre os alimentos ultraprocessados. Conclusão: O QFA levou em consideração os hábitos alimentares da população-alvo, uma vez que a lista de itens alimentares apresentada corresponde aos alimentos habitualmente ingeridos e responsáveis por 95% do consumo de energia, macronutrientes e fibras. (AU)

Objective: To describe the development of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) according to the NOVA food classification that evaluates the eating habits of 9 and 10-year-old schoolchildren. Methods: This was a methodological study carried out with primary education students at a municipal school. The food list integrating the FFQ was compiled from the application of 24-hour dietary recalls in triplicate on every other day of the week. Foods providing 95% of the energy, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and fibers ingested by the respondents were included in the list. Once the food items were identified, they were grouped according to the NOVA food classification. Results: A list of 81 food items was elaborated. Rice, beef, and chicken were the most represented of the fresh and minimally processed foods. Bread (French and various types of homemade bread) stood out among processed foods. Sugary drinks (soft drinks and powdered juices) were the most frequently mentioned ultra-processed foods. Conclusion: The FFQ took into consideration the habits of the target population, as the list of food items reflected foods commonly eaten and responsible for 95% of the energy, macronutrients, and fiber consumption. (AU)